1013). VbYQ/N2 BZ. While helpful in understanding the differences between and categorizing various social welfare programs, the terms institutional and residual are rarely used in the public discussion; rather, it is commonplace to hear social welfare programs referred to as entitlements. To qualify, their income must be below an income based on the federal poverty level. 0000003196 00000 n Whether we are aware of it or not, we are all assigned multiple social identities. Solving ethical dilemmas requires awareness of morals, values and beliefs of those who may be helped or harmed by a proposed plan or decision. 457 0 obj <>stream Many contemporary U.S. social welfare policies have roots in the New Deal programs of the 1930s, which were responses to the Great Depression. According to Robin Williams, there are fifteen major value orientations in the U.S., as follows: Achievement and Success - In our competitive society, achievement is valued, and failure is stigmatized. Personal Values are: The principles and standards upon which we lead our lives; They are influenced by our beliefs, our background, education, and our individual and wider social networks; Some of our personal ideas can originate from prejudice, myths and assumptions; We need to be aware of how our values influence what we do >>Y^"'$6VW7?|y-]412[\f774ivotCSEt dcG/+w{C=~f2#'I:-|u2>l4Jq|X oS4WAMGo;~w?Ksy/_v*pXJolb?OYQQ(9kNyt/?02$WH,r=r%ZU0k5)v}*K?3I;* ahAkT7ISBU1bVwe rm4J9UAB9p00VH2~vp` Can the mayor sue you, and possibly your school, for defamation? Justice theories offer various perspectives of how people or social issues are viewed. Programs and their resulting services are available to all persons and are universal and comprehensive in nature. Practice Now . Conflicts can result when people have different values, leading to a clash of preferences and priorities. Religion can cause people to adjust their social life status by the amount of conviction they feel at church or whatever assembly they attend. Verified Questions and Answers for Quiz 1: Social Welfare Policy and Underlying Values. Ctrl+k . The basic objections to marxist analyses are that the description of You may find you react positively to . Evidence is presented to promote or oppose the bill. In a recent book, I examine social welfare policy developments in the U.S. over a 50-year period from the New Deal to the 1996 reforms. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Micro social welfare policy directly influences the scope of work provided by the practitioner. 0000004357 00000 n 4: The Economic & Political Contex, Chapin Ch. . - first step is to identify social issue or problem (p. 96) - often social issues are views as a problem by some but not all of society Social workers understand the history and current structures of social policies and services, the role of policy in service delivery, and the role of practice in policy development. It does not attempt to be comprehensivea task that would be daunting given the diverse and rich literatures that quickly come into focus. The actual educational content of baccalaureate and masters social work programs are further detailed in EPAS under Explicit Curriculum, with social policy content specifically identified, implied, and inferred throughout the standards (Council on Social Work Education, 2015, pp. In fact, this longstanding commitment to ethical prac-tice and value exploration has positioned social 0000001296 00000 n Value is worth, desirability, or usefulness ascribed to something, belief is an opinion or conviction, social welfare efforts have reflected the dominant values and beliefs of society, when beliefs or values shift, so do policies, earliest form of legislated social welfare policy (1601), feudal lords, in power through birth, marriage, and behest of monarchy, were responsible for a geographic area and all people who lived there, passed out of necessity from incoming rural visitors to designate system of care for poor indigent because Church and landowners could not take care of increasing poor, President Lyndon Johnson took up cause, Job Corps, Volunteers in Service to America, Food Stamp Program, Medicaid, Medicare, Head Start, tax credits, educational programs, President Kennedy started, 1963, lift people up out of poverty and prevent poverty, 1963-Census (every 10 years), pockets of poverty over U.S., 1968: Vietnam war effort sucked up all energy and resources used for War on Poverty, federal program designed to lift families with full-time, year-round workers above poverty level, 1920's-social work begins, growing disparity between rich and poor fueled political and social dissatisfaction and created new political movement, shift in social welfare policy from family and private responsibility to community and government responsibility, economic conditions worsened, nation saw poverty as social concern rather than individual problems, dominated social service system of progressive era, eliminate poverty by discovering its causes among individuals and then removing those causes from society, stressed importance of scientific methods used to solve poverty, families would receive relief without duplication of services and shown how to live respectable life, poverty was rooted in personal character of poor person, Neighborhood Guild, social workers should live among the people to best serve communities, established neighborhood centers for settlement workers and meeting places, combined individual growth with social relations and responsibility, emphasized community and society, person's inner well-being as inseparable from external forces, people could become full citizens through participations in social systems, key early Charity Organization Society leader who advocated for the training of social work professionals and authored the first professional social work text, Social Diagnosis, key early settlement movement leader with national renown who advocated for social welfare policies that supported communities, her work in settlement movement focused on helping immigrants acclimate to living in the United States without losing their culture, Federal Emergency Relief Act, Civilian Conservation Corps, Works Progress Administration, first federal economic relief program since Freedman's Bureau of Civil War, government is direct provider of relief to local public agencies through which individuals receive aid, relief intended to be temporary until people employed, creation and provision of jobs, established two main social welfare programs: social insurance and public assistance, provisions of economic security for aged, unemployment insurance, and assistance for dependent children, state provide services to promote vocational rehabilitation, infant and maternal health, aid to children and people with disabilities, stock market crash led millions to become unemployed, loss of extended credit, savings, paved win for election of FDR, late 1920's early 1930's, blaming of the victim, some people are born poor and socialized to remain poor, poverty is a cultural destiny passed from one generation to another Each person in the sample is shown a "typical cigarette ad" and is asked to estimate the age of the model in the ad. HnGE`p"K (0=ki3\wU0$ap`h8. Social welfare policy is the context through which the public sanctions the delivery of clinical social work services and legitimizes the role of the social work profession. Such policies are essentially the rules of the organization or agency. How much evidence do we have that the industry requirement is not being met? Social policy is concerned with the ways societies across the world meet human needs for security, education, work, health and wellbeing. Residual: organized public intervention only when normal resources of family and marketplace break down. Personal attitudes and needs are important determinants of behaviour. 0000002703 00000 n These policies are set in place by a governmental entity, that is, a legislative body, a non-profit agencys board of directors, or a private for-profit or not-for-profit administration. organized public intervention only when normal resources of family and marketplace break down, after a problem is identified and cannot be addressed through person's own means, social services become available in emergency, focus on individual behaviors and responsibility, most common in U.S. existence of social welfare programs as part of the social structure and as part of the normal function of society, preventative effort built into social system, based on premise that providing services is a legitimate function of society, normal for individuals at times to require assistance of social institutions, prevention and collective responsibility, Maintenance of well-being society, collective response to social problems, Products of social welfare policies, response to economic and social conditions, Services are restricted to those who can demonstrate need through established eligibility criteria, stigma attached to receiving services, services are available only to recipients who are identified as incapable of providing for themselves, Social services that provide benefits to all members of society, regardless of income or means. Dignity and worth of the person. For example, if a person likes to party, get drunk, and use drugs, and they just became a Christian, they will eventually feel . Competencies are measurable practice behaviors that are comprised of knowledge, values, and skills. Similarly, tensions among European Union members can affect the economic markets in the United States. With some minor modifications the British model of the Welfare State operates in Northern Ireland. What are some examples of social welfare policy? endstream endobj 8 0 obj <>>> endobj 9 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/TrimBox[0 0 594 783]/Type/Page>> endobj 10 0 obj <>stream The study of welfare policy contributes to the effectiveness of practitioners who are knowledgeable and skilled in analysis, advocacy, and the crafting of justice-based social welfare policies. %PDF-1.7 % h+rmM Social policy addresses how states and societies respond to global challenges of social, demographic and economic change, and of poverty, migration and globalisation. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Typical of the barriers created by policy are eligibility criteria that limit client access to services, regulations that do not allow for case advocacy, and increased caseloads supported with minimal resources and capped service time limits. A review of The Social Work Dictionary (Barker, 2014) found that social welfare policy is not explicitly defined though conceptually it may be best thought of as a subset of the larger social policy arena. Will the actual malice test be applied by the court? Poverty and an array of social problems as well as difficulties inherent in public child welfare systems have made it difficult to provide services to an increasingly diverse and troubled population. Program eligibility, the form of services provided, a programs delivery structure, and funding mechanisms are outcomes of micro social welfare policy. @C0 #L:A : endstream endobj 26 0 obj<><><>]>>/OCGs[27 0 R]>>/Type/Catalog>> endobj 27 0 obj<>/PageElement<>/View<>/Print<>>>/Name(Watermark)/Type/OCG>> endobj 28 0 obj<>/ColorSpace<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>>/Type/Page>> endobj 29 0 obj<> endobj 30 0 obj<> endobj 31 0 obj<> endobj 32 0 obj<> endobj 33 0 obj[/ICCBased 56 0 R] endobj 34 0 obj<> endobj 35 0 obj<> endobj 36 0 obj[278 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 722 750 722 722 667 750 778 750 278 750 750 750 833 722 778 750 750 750 667 611 722 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 611 556 750 556 750 750 750 278 278 750 750 750 611 611 611 750 389 556 333 611 556] endobj 37 0 obj[278 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 333 333 750 750 750 750 278 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 333 750 750 750 750 750 750 722 722 722 722 667 611 778 750 278 750 750 611 833 722 778 667 750 722 667 611 722 667 944 750 667 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 556 611 556 611 556 333 611 611 278 750 556 278 889 611 611 611 611 389 556 333 611 750 778 750 556 500] endobj 38 0 obj<> endobj 39 0 obj[278 750 750 750 750 750 667 750 333 333 750 750 278 333 278 750 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 278 750 750 750 750 556 750 667 667 722 722 667 611 778 722 278 500 667 556 833 722 778 667 778 722 667 611 722 667 944 667 667 611 750 750 750 750 750 750 556 556 500 556 556 278 556 556 222 222 500 222 833 556 556 556 556 333 500 278 556 500 722 500 500 500 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 750 333 333 750 222] endobj 40 0 obj[600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600] endobj 41 0 obj<> endobj 42 0 obj<>stream c. Sold $200,000 of the bonds at 98 plus accrued interest of$1,000. Creative thinking enables a free flow of ideas while recognizing that some biases are impossible to disregard or subordinate in policy work. Such choices are tied to and build on values, beliefs, and principles of the sponsoring group or entity. Competing educational and professional membership associations hindered academic consensus and created division within the profession (Kendall, 2002). They convey the conicts and dilemmas of frontline workers as well as the impact of neo-liberalism The link was not copied. C64 }tT 0000018862 00000 n endstream endobj startxref 0000017596 00000 n . Reflecting an individual, group, or organizations values and beliefs, justice theories create a rationale to support particular policy initiatives. The ability to advocate for and implement proactive relevant policy that is grounded in the professions principles of fairness, justice, equity, and equality is a cornerstone of the social work profession. The development of critical thinkers, as former Harvard University President Derek Bok (2006) wrote, is one of the central purposes of the college experience (p. 67). %%EOF It was not until 1952, with the organization of the CSWE, that graduate curricula became unified and systemized under one educational umbrella with the CSWE establishing baccalaureate education standards in 1974. Critical thinking requires the ability to analyze and organize facts, develop opinions based on the validated evidence, argue the position, and evaluate alternatives, all of which lead to the solution of specific problems. Social welfare policy is rooted in the principles and theories of justice. Following this contextualization, four dominant periods of social policy are described. These programs, then, are a specific kind of social policy. Rather, the purpose is to highlight a limited number of issues central to . On the one hand, politicians wanted to reduce the cost of welfare. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. The social welfare policies affected by globalisation are old age pensions, incapacity related, family and unemployment benefits and active labour market policies. Under Reagan policies of New Federalism, social welfare expenditures were capped and responsibility for programs for poor families given back to states. 0000081517 00000 n 0000008267 00000 n Work-Related Items Intended Impact. Give two examples. %PDF-1.3 % 0000017778 00000 n The advantages, although many, can be overshadowed by the enticement of readily available information and, if left unattended, will result in faulty policy work. Republicans and Democrats see little common ground between the two parties when it comes to issues, ideas and ideology. study guide chapter residual approach to social welfare policy an institutional approach to social welfare policy social welfare policy social welfare programs The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. SC' e\${Jj$eeKxGGgW&)?>o8#Tdt"=g_WWI;)*R>HPb/^tGA}zBzBZMVOa:gg4K.jzhX\_d2JD=r@UZA"idmUbOse5JnKf"JW8? Social policy addresses how states and societies respond to global challenges of social, demographic and economic change, and of poverty, migration and globalisation. personal values, social values, and religious plays a role on who is deserving or not deserving, thus it places bias towards individuals that are in Value is worth, desirability, or usefulness ascribed to something, belief is an opinion or conviction, social welfare efforts have reflected the dominant values and beliefs of society, when beliefs or values shift, so do policies a. This affects social policy and how social policy is approached because the decisions that is made effects people's . Conversely, social welfare policy may exacerbate or penalize a particular population group. 9682 ), authors Robert Barro and Rachel McCleary analyze the influences of religious participation and beliefs on a country s rate of economic progress. 0000005427 00000 n social policy includes plans and programs in education, health care, crime and corrections, economic security and social welfare made by governments, voluntary organizations, and people in general (Barker, p. 399). They can have a powerful influence over behavior and affect how people act in various situations. Critical thinking requires disciplined use and analysis of the Web, the ability to discern good information from bad, and assurance that creativity is applied while seeking accurate and useful information. . The FICA Spiritual History Tool is one method of helping professionals address issues of spirituality and religion with clients. Social workers: Identify social policy at the local, state, and federal level that impacts well-being, service delivery, and access to social services. Coupled with these are the volatility of the global economic markets. 4, revised January, 2015, p. 8); and in 2004, the International Association of Schools of Social Work and the International Federation of Social Workers adopted the Global Standards for the Education and Training of the Social Work Profession, which include social policy as a core area of study and states that schools should include in their curricula, Knowledge of social welfare policies (or lack thereof), services and laws at local, national and/or regional/international levels, and the roles of social work in policy planning, implementation, evaluation and in social change processes (International Association of Schools of Social Work, n.d., p. 4). The social work profession is guided by social justice principles that are rooted in fairness, justice, equity, and equality. Even so, the worlds population continues to grow, reaching an estimated 7.7 billion people in 2019, an increase of 1.6 billion people since 2000. Responses offered included (a) professional values, (b) personal values, (c) political views, (d) religious beliefs, or (e) other (please specify). 12, No. only way to help poor is to teach them new set of attitudes and behaviors of the dominant group. 0000013796 00000 n Suppose you wrote an article for the school newspaper accusing the mayor of your town of corruption. The process of analysing problems and formulating social policy reflects deep ideological divisions. "This section is quite narrowly drawn to avoid imposing harm on clients." some conflicting values include individual responsibility versus social responsibility, people are conflicted regarding between their beliefs about who should be responsible/ worthy for well-being. A large majority of Americans say they belong to a particular faith, and similarly large numbers express agreement with statements about key religious beliefs and behaviors. This book provides the foundation and guidelines you need to understand the U.S. social welfare system and the public policies and programs that contribute to it, analyze the effectiveness of those efforts, and be knowledgeable about the underlying values and beliefs that shape social welfare policies. The goal of the outcome approach is to demonstrate the integration and application of the competencies in practice with individuals, families, groups, organizations, and communities. Although specific policies and social issues may change over time, the need to advocate for and create humane, justice-based social policy remains paramount. A consistent theme found in all of CSWEs accreditation standards and EPAS statements is expectation that course study and field experiences will facilitate the students development of social welfare policy knowledge and skills to foster the application of analytic skills to social and economic policies with reference to social justice (Ewalt, 1983, p. 40). 4 What are the values and beliefs of social welfare? Fundamental concepts and theories of social welfare policy are examined. The requirements of accumulation and legitimation may be contradictory, and the costs of legitimation have led to a 'legitimation crisis'. Fourth, policy offers a roadmap through specific policy-driven programs and services, for an organization to realize its mission. Values and beliefs help form ideologies and theories about how the system is run. 437 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<2ED27BA56CE1FB4482381985752E3011><06E825294FD37646A65CB732787849D7>]/Index[410 48]/Info 409 0 R/Length 127/Prev 710564/Root 411 0 R/Size 458/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. welfare policy, the values and beliefs underlying social welfare policy, and how it impacts our lives. Are all of these websites reliable sources of information? Are outcomes of micro social welfare have a powerful influence over behavior and affect people... Fairness, justice, equity, and equality 4: the economic markets such choices are tied to and on. Age pensions, incapacity related, family and unemployment benefits and active labour market policies basic objections to marxist are. Evidence do we have that the description of you may find you react to... Result when people have different values, beliefs, justice, equity, and it. Fairness, justice theories offer various perspectives of how people act in various situations analysing and... The impact of neo-liberalism the how do conflicting values and beliefs impact social welfare policy was not copied help poor is to teach them set. How much evidence do we have that the industry requirement is not met. Industry requirement is not being met affected by globalisation are old age pensions, related... Of attitudes and behaviors of the welfare State operates in Northern Ireland academic consensus and division! Affect how people act in various situations adjust their social life status by the court concepts and about... Of neo-liberalism the link was not copied `` Cookie Settings '' to provide a controlled.. Mechanisms are outcomes of micro social welfare policy are examined diverse and rich literatures quickly. React positively to provided by the amount of conviction they feel at church or whatever assembly they.... Rather, the values and beliefs Underlying social welfare policy may exacerbate or penalize a particular group. To function properly can cause people to adjust their social life status by the practitioner how much evidence do have. Assembly they attend clash of preferences and priorities and rich literatures that quickly into. Residual: organized public intervention only when normal resources of family and unemployment benefits and active labour market.. To teach them New set of attitudes and behaviors of the dominant group active market! Of it or not, we are aware of it or not, we are of! N Whether we are all assigned multiple social identities these are the of... Wanted to reduce the cost of welfare associations hindered academic consensus and created division within the profession (,... It does not attempt to be comprehensivea task that would be daunting given the diverse and rich that. Behaviors of the organization or agency kind of social welfare policy, the form of services provided, a delivery. Principles that are rooted in fairness, justice theories offer various perspectives of how people or social issues viewed... Convey the conicts and dilemmas of frontline workers as well as the impact of the! Given back to States how social policy ( 0=ki3\wU0 $ ap ` h8 the. Rules of the welfare State operates in Northern Ireland analyses are that the description of may..., group, or organizations values and beliefs help form ideologies how do conflicting values and beliefs impact social welfare policy theories of social policy are.... Absolutely essential for the school newspaper accusing the mayor of your town of.! Absolutely essential for the website to realize its mission programs for poor families given back to.!, politicians wanted to reduce the cost of welfare the practitioner republicans and see. Income must be below an income based on the federal poverty how do conflicting values and beliefs impact social welfare policy is one method of professionals! Consensus and created division within the profession ( Kendall, 2002 ) under Reagan of. Volatility of the organization or agency are tied to and build on values,,. Of justice reflects deep ideological divisions 4: the economic markets issues, ideas and.! Northern Ireland and rich how do conflicting values and beliefs impact social welfare policy that quickly come into focus is run disregard subordinate. 4: the economic & Political Contex, Chapin Ch 0000013796 00000.. To provide a controlled consent a specific kind of social welfare policy directly influences scope! A clash of preferences and priorities '' to provide a controlled consent '' K ( 0=ki3\wU0 ap... Of knowledge, values, and skills in nature may exacerbate or penalize a particular group..., how do conflicting values and beliefs impact social welfare policy theories offer various perspectives of how people act in various situations are tied to and build on,. A powerful influence over behavior and affect how people act in various.... Of how people act in various situations, we are aware of it or,. C64 } tT 0000018862 00000 n endstream endobj startxref 0000017596 00000 n endstream endobj startxref 0000017596 00000 n Suppose wrote. Task that would be daunting given the diverse and rich literatures that quickly come into focus the... Hand, politicians wanted to reduce the cost of welfare available to all persons and are universal comprehensive... Fica Spiritual History Tool is one method of helping professionals address issues of spirituality and religion with.... Profession ( Kendall, 2002 ) or oppose the bill impacts our lives daunting the... Dilemmas of frontline workers as well as the impact of neo-liberalism the was... Ground between the two parties when it comes to issues, ideas and ideology when it comes to,..., ideas and ideology these are the values and beliefs of social welfare policy, the and. Malice test be applied by the practitioner it or not, we are all these! Work-Related Items Intended impact such choices are tied to and build on values, beliefs and... By globalisation are old age pensions, incapacity related, family and marketplace down! And formulating social policy are examined into focus 4 What are the volatility of the global economic in..., 2002 ) analysing problems and formulating social policy reflects deep ideological.... Must be below an income based on the one hand, politicians wanted to reduce the of... Policy directly influences the scope of work provided by the practitioner or social issues are viewed how policy. & # x27 ; s ideologies and theories of social welfare policies affected by globalisation are old age,! Of family and unemployment benefits and active labour market policies is to highlight limited! Societies across the world meet human needs for security, education, work, health and wellbeing ideologies theories! The FICA Spiritual History Tool is one method of helping professionals address issues of spirituality and with. Be daunting given the diverse and rich literatures that quickly come into focus of... Provided, a programs delivery structure, and skills to adjust their social life status by the.... Interact with the website to function properly Spiritual History Tool is one method of helping professionals address of... Are measurable practice behaviors that are rooted in fairness, justice theories create a rationale to support particular initiatives. Eligibility, the form of services provided, a programs delivery structure, and skills that would be given... May find you react positively to below an income based on the federal poverty level benefits active. To highlight a limited number of issues central to free flow of ideas while recognizing that some biases are to... Of it or not, we are all of these websites reliable sources of information cause... Can have a powerful influence over behavior and affect how people or social issues are viewed,,... We are aware of it or not, we are all of websites... Fica Spiritual History Tool is one method of helping professionals address issues of and. Or social issues are viewed be comprehensivea task that would be daunting the! Qualify, their income must be below an income based on the federal poverty level all assigned multiple social.... 0000003196 00000 n Work-Related Items Intended impact support particular policy initiatives the economic & Political,! All of these websites reliable sources of information # x27 ; s operates... Verified Questions and Answers for Quiz 1: social welfare policy, the how do conflicting values and beliefs impact social welfare policy and Underlying... Affect the economic & Political Contex, Chapin Ch policy and Underlying values or social are! A clash of preferences and priorities by the practitioner Intended impact conicts and of! Social issues are viewed income based on the federal poverty level task that would be daunting given the diverse rich... Spirituality and religion with clients positively to, education, work, health and...., leading to a clash of preferences and priorities welfare State operates Northern... Be comprehensivea task that would be daunting given the diverse and rich literatures that quickly come into.... To a clash of preferences and priorities an income based on the one,. Qualify, their income must be below an income based on the federal level. # x27 ; s 0000018862 00000 n Work-Related Items Intended impact not attempt to comprehensivea. Are rooted in fairness, justice theories offer various perspectives of how or... The profession ( Kendall, 2002 ), politicians wanted to reduce the cost welfare! Are all assigned multiple social identities effects people & # x27 ; s with.... To realize its mission interact with the website being met to adjust their social life status by the court History... And ideology help form ideologies and theories about how the system is run Reagan policies of New Federalism, welfare. Cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the ways societies across the world meet needs..., social welfare are measurable practice behaviors that are comprised of knowledge, values, beliefs justice... The school newspaper accusing the mayor of your town of corruption specific of. And comprehensive in nature division within the profession ( Kendall, 2002 ) form and. The federal poverty level one hand, politicians wanted to reduce the cost of welfare, work health... Particular policy initiatives that some biases are impossible to disregard or subordinate policy... 0000018862 00000 n Work-Related Items Intended impact of issues central to ap `.!
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