As city populations swell, municipal governments face increasing pressure from citizens and businesses to improve service delivery performance. /Resources << Catawba Publishing Company. /Meta55 44 0 R All dates in sections about revenue reference the fiscal year unless stated otherwise. It is as easy to achieve fiscal decentralization under a unitary system of government as under a federal system. <>stream >> Alao, D. O., & Alao, E. M. (2013). How did the TCJA affect tax expenditures? /F4 85 0 R endobj In so doing, they impose some taxes and rates on these economic activities as a way of generating funds for their Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 7(8),113123. 0000003592 00000 n /Meta58 47 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] #$ e-`w6w Through leases, joint ventures, and joint development agreements, municipalities can generate additional income. /Meta99 77 0 R /Tabs /S stream Since 1977, property taxes as a share of combined state and local general revenues have declined while charges have increased. Department of Political Science and Public Administration, PMB 4010, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun, Nigeria, You can also search for this author in /Meta62 60 0 R Candice Ferrette and Robert Brodsky, Red-light camera revenues jump in Nassau County, Newsday, June 10, 2018, newsday.com. /XObject << fPU1"kVVY%9kgi=IIbjm_l g$+pVS?Fn!:El0L4m^. What is the Medicare trust fund, and how is it financed? Cities should then establish a revenue committee that adopts a strategic perspective to assess the impact of revenue levers and understand the interlocking factors. /StructParents 9 What are Roth individual retirement accounts? >> n /, another reform of local government #as, established. >> Local Government Finance and Implications for Development: A Case Study of the Ikorodu Government Area Lagos State. https://www.odi.org/events/282-innovations-poverty-reduction-role-local-government. /Contents 80 0 R For existing land lease contracts, cities could maximize value through renegotiation or cancellation and retender based on tenant response. << 4, Government Finances. Gordon, Tracy. What are the major federal excise taxes, and how much money do they raise? >> A new tax on plastic would raise revenues and also benefit the environment. Meanwhile, housing-program transfers are about 40 percent of federal transfers to local governments. Taxation as a Source of Revenue Generation in Local Governments, Nigeria Authors: Augustine Osho Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti David Adelagun Ajayi Abstract and Figures period of 5years. 2y.-;!KZ ^i"L0- @8(r;q7Ly&Qq4j|9 How might the tax exclusion for employer-sponsored health insurance (ESI) be reformed? 2 0 obj Cresthill Publishers Limited. 1 0 obj For example, revenue KPIs could include the annual increase in revenue per lever, while nonrevenue KPIs could define targets for each lever and its corresponding interventions, such as the annual increase in the number of violations detected. <>>> /F4 23 0 R What is the experience of other countries with national retail sales taxes? Local tax limitations: a primer Property taxes . This exercise involves analyzing the citys revenue baseline to determine current revenue generation across all streams and then comparing revenue streams against benchmarks for peer cities to identify any gaps. /Tabs /S Candice Ferrette and Robert Brodsky, Red-light camera revenues jump in Nassau County,. What have budget trends been over the short and long term? The involvement of leadership as well as all relevant departments and municipalities would help to ensure proper implementation across all levels. endobj /GS31 30 0 R /Type /Pages To serve as the third tier of government through which appropriate services and development are made in response to the wishes of local community through their representatives. 5356 0 obj <> endobj x- [ 0}y)7ta>jT7@t`q2&6ZL?_yxg)zLU*uSkSeO4?c. R -25 S>Vd`rn~Y&+`;A4 A9 =-tl`;~p Gp| [`L` "AYA+Cb(R, *T2B- 7 Performance meetings should be scheduled on a weekly basis to track revenue generation and build ownership. The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 created a sharp uptick in transfers from the federal government between 2009 and 2011, peaking at 25 percent of state and local revenues in 2010 and 2011, before falling back to 22 percent in 2012. /Type /Page 8. /F1 20 0 R /Type /Group /F6 41 0 R endobj 10 0 obj How did the TCJA affect the federal budget outlook? /XObject << 3. >> The City of Chicago has instituted such a program several times over the past two decades. share. 9 o"A\|h9MxgZ(wpMk UN==dN#R. /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] From 2010 to 2016, for example, central government funding as the share of total municipal revenue fell by approximately 12 percent, on average, across all countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) /GS31 30 0 R Government and to the State Governments. /F2 21 0 R Although local government revenue was about the same relative to gross domestic product in 1977 (8.6 percent) and 2017 (8.7 percent), it has fluctuated over the period (figure 3). >> How does the earned income tax credit affect poor families? In general, cities draw from four types of sources that each include numerous levers (Exhibit 2). How receptive citizens and businesses are to a given intervention in a revenue stream can have significant impact on the interventions long-term viability. 971z Since residents often react negatively to actions that increase the cost of living, efforts to raise revenue through additional fees and taxes can be considered more acceptable when they also have a perceived public benefit. Elected officials have four primary revenue sources, each containing multiple levers. 203 copies of the questionnaire were administered to staff of Ikorodu local government who were simple randomly selected of which 188 (92.6%) were retrieved while 15 (7.4%) copies were not retrieved. /F3 22 0 R /S /Transparency %PDF-1.4 7 At the same time, most states place restrictions on local property taxation, with limits that fall into three main types: rate limits, assessment limits, and levy limits. endobj revenue generation still remains poor due to local government being unable to exploit revenue areas because of the interference of State Government in local government affairs. /Type /Group The largest state and local general own-source funds came from charges and property taxes (both 17 percent), followed by individual income taxes and general sales taxes (both 13 percent),and selective sales taxes (6 percent). The logic is that, in areas where the revenue capacity is high, a relative higher tax . 0000003670 00000 n essential social services to the people. or improve local service delivery, though the opposite can also be true. << The following steps provide a structured process for cities to determine a tailored and effective solution, taking into account the distinctive characteristics of each city. This need underscores the eagerness on the part of state and local governments and even the federal government to look for /Meta40 35 0 R Norton Francis and Frank Sammartino (2015). 1. We strive to provide individuals with disabilities equal access to our website. /Font << /Type /Group Aravind Boddupalli, Tracy Gordon, and Lourdes German (2021), State and Local Government Revenues and Racial Disparities endobj /Resources << /F1 82 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] Finally, cities could introduce new types of service fees, fines, and chargesand in so doing, create new sources of revenue. Economic development in the Third World (12th ed.). The usual practice in this country (Nigeria) is that political parties and individual candidates often make Hb``$WR~|@T#2S/`M. To guide price hikes, cities could use benchmarks to determine the acceptable range. >> Predicting Municipal Fiscal Distress: Aspiration or Reality? 1346-1366. In 2019, transfers from the federal government provided 22 percent of combined state and local general revenues. /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] >> Revenue: Sources of revenue to local and state governments in Nigeria (in) state and local government in Nigeria: The changing scene. HyTSwoc [5laQIBHADED2mtFOE.c}088GNg9w '0 Jb /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] <>>> Diesel fuel used in processing, manufacturing, refining, generating electricity, irrigation or farming, or by any hospital may On what do economists agree and disagree about the effects of taxes on economic growth? To establish this dedicated unit, cities could create a cross-functional workforce with representatives from different departments, including finance, planning, property, legislation, and key municipalities. Assets can include land monetization (such as land used by telcos for cell towers), appreciating land values, and commercial advertisements in public spaces, public markets, and shopping centers. And as the new normal begins to take shape, you'll also have to plan for the near- and long . What is carried interest, and how is it taxed? /GS7 17 0 R xX8oANvfvV{9nv$&HZ /4WU|y Y[|)|EB;$Oy,x>_$x/ %PDF-1.5 >> >> Gross Domestic Product, Third Quarter 2018 (Second Estimate); Corporate Profits, Third Quarter 2018 (Preliminary Estimate).. In 2020 and 2021, Congress transferred a large amount of funds to local governments as part of the CARES Act . 5 Los Angeles, for example, charges higher fees for expedited permitting and licensing processes. Subscribed to {PRACTICE_NAME} email alerts. What would the tax rate be under a broad-based income tax? Indeed, each citys situation is inherently different and will require a unique combination of interventions and careful consideration to ensure the program is both economically and politically feasible. The percentage fell to a low of 8.0 percent in 1984 and peaked at 9.9 percent in 2009. Why do low-income families use tax preparers? 0000002023 00000 n Introduce innovative fees and charges. (*(%8H8c- fd9@6_IjH9(3=DR1%? >> Optimizing land monetization has the potential to double baseline revenue from income-generating assets. 11 /Meta39 39 0 R azA/u|,j[^#R"US&HwksN$} YVbh What are the options for taxing wealth transfers? This intervention is typically most applicable to service feesspecifically, utility services such as water, sewage, or electricity. Other strategies, such as payment plans, can also reduce leakage and increase collections. >> >> AMA is one of the most resourced MMDAs Unlocking the full potential of city revenues. >> 92so74oi J. Key 2022 Takeaways. recommended that the local government should provide basic amenities of high quality. These three dimensions can be further broken down into factors for evaluation (Exhibit 5). /GS7 17 0 R /Type /Group How did the TCJA affect incentives for charitable giving? <]>> Based on option B; 72 respondents (38.3%) strongly agrees that lack of concentration on internal sources of revenue generation by the local government officials is a problem of local government Finance, 70 respondents . Revenue from property, sales, and other taxes totaled $707 billion, or 42 percent of general revenue. /Resources << >> US Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis. Concept Publications. \~x2{w6HZpV1 ~eh5u*d*pn1gs9WzfY+W)hh,O`\`k}[rHyU ;18HXS-xep]#2 jAI740-+-=tk3zdSzn*Qv8tC>"mTv{ 4X[w*qQ*@TLHYF\MQZjxU^VQqy hiJdNVhP Mq:=oD5QyU!WwH^_/6+_Gwg_vSLVe` -WL=:@N>X9VfEhlfN~ <=-y3e,KQ!CH[jy^{eTuyt\p\)?rj;7K80r;@66Auu:fdYfJ LG8D6 %$5 What tax changes did the Affordable Care Act make? 0 /Parent 2 0 R 2.1.3 Sections 31 and 32 of the Local Government Financial and Accounting Regulations 2007 All other taxesincluding corporate income taxes, hotel taxes, and business license taxesprovided $40 billion in revenue (2 percent). /Parent 2 0 R Furthermore, the funding that municipalities receive from other government entities is decreasing. City of Los Angeles Department of Public Works, Bureau of Engineering standard fee list. endstream Global Journals Inc. (USA). /CS /DeviceRGB /S /Transparency /Group << <> This was localities largest single source of tax revenue. /StructParents 2 OECD fiscal decentralization database (object name Table 12: 1970 2016), OECD, accessed April 15, 2019, oecd.org. /Contents 64 0 R /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] 5. These cities typically adopt one of two archetypes: an independent revenue monetization department that focuses on commercial aspects and acts as a strategic unit for generating revenues, or a commercial unit integrated into the finance department that is responsible for tracking progress of revenue targets. International Business Management, 3(3), 5460. /ExtGState << The research instruments used for data collection were questionnaire and interview. /Resources << >> hv-oRv9[Plq ?#o-.mOqi@}Fdl(d]i&y-tIT>=#'K/+EmKO+pe>"J*#9(tG_0Yb,UfR`En`o7So^ VIP services can also be offered where increased fee levels guarantee higher quality. Therefore, the following three areas should be examined: In addition, the city should refer back to the results of the citizen sentiment survey conducted during the preparatory stage to help inform the assessment of social acceptance. But, communities are still facing a numerous difficulties in access to basic goods and services from local governments Authorities (Pradeep, 2011). How did the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act change business taxes? 0000003920 00000 n Olaoye, C. O., Taiwo, O. Sales taxes (general and selective) provided local governments $124 billion (7 percent of general revenue) and individual income taxes accounted for $33 billion (2 percent). /ModDate (D:20131230000155+10'00') /F1 20 0 R Before cities can begin to optimize their revenues, they must first compile an inventory of existing revenue streams. How might the taxation of capital gains be improved? Agu (2010) examined the . A., & Adewoye, J. O. Which tax provisions subsidize the cost of health care? University of Lagos Press. 0000001743 00000 n What are tax credits and how do they differ from tax deductions? Many local governments Authorities in Tanzania have reformed their tax collection systems in recent years, these results to increases in revenue collection (R EPOA, 2008). 13 0 obj >> /Annots [27 0 R 28 0 R] Part of Springer Nature. Loay AlMujadidi is a consultant in McKinseys Riyadh office; Christian Azoury is an associate partner in the Dubai office, where Dirk Schmautzer is a partner; and Jonathan Woetzel is a senior partner in the Shanghai office and a director of the McKinsey Global Institute. What is the breakdown of revenues among federal, state, and local governments? stream The history of man has sho#n that, No system or rules can be effective #heth, er foreign or nature unless it en%oys some, measures of financial independence. endobj /Group << However, the composition of tax revenue has changed somewhat. However revenue generation by communities dates back to 1986 when central government requested the local . xb```b``a`24(!" /XObject << "Follow the Money: How to Track Federal Funding to Local Governments." Professional Import Duties Administrators /XObject << >> Areas to be assessed may include the following metrics: Ease of implementation. Nicole Badstuber, London congestion charge has been a huge success. /XObject << /GS7 17 0 R Local governments collected $509 billion from property taxes in 2017, or 30 percent of local government general revenue. >> Nicole Badstuber, London congestion charge has been a huge success. Who bears the burden of federal excise taxes? 13 0 obj How might low- and middle-income households be encouraged to save? Revenue generation in Nigeria local governments is principally derived from TAX. How do the estate, gift, and generation-skipping transfer taxes work? endobj % /Type /Page /CS /DeviceRGB Cities that want to implement new charges will be more likely to build public support if such measures both induce positive behavior and have a clear, equitable, and risk-averse public benefit. We'll email you when new articles are published on this topic. What is the new markets tax credit, and how does it work? Local government personnel can be trained to administer simple but adequate revenue generation instruments. This research work examines how the federal Government of Nigeria generate revenue and the development of Local Government Areas, Revenue Generation and the Development of Local Government Areas, 100% found this document useful (8 votes), 100% found this document useful, Mark this document as useful, 0% found this document not useful, Mark this document as not useful, Save Revenue Generation and the Development of Local Go For Later. /S /Transparency /Resources << Revenue has been found to be nose diving from time to time due to the weakness in the control framework that exists in the public sector. In our experience, cities that fare the best in their revenue generation efforts create an internal dedicated unit that is responsible for the strategys implementation. / 0000000016 00000 n <> What is the difference between refundable and nonrefundable credits? What is the size of the opportunity? A 2016 study conducted by the Australia Institute concluded that the Finnish model would yield a 12 percent increase on average in the value of fines issued by five states in Australia. It also excludes revenues from government's "business-like" activities such as water, gas, electricity, and transit utilities; government-run liquor stores; and government-administered insurance trusts such as employee retirement, unemployment compensation, and workers compensation systems. How does the current system of international taxation work? >> In addition, elected officials must strike a tricky balance between raising taxes and fees and maintaining public support. >> International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 3(6), pp. 1 0 obj What is the difference between marginal and average tax rates? A limited number of charges and taxes ensures higher social acceptance and minimal collection leakage. What is the Highway Trust Fund, and how is it financed? What is the unemployment insurance trust fund, and how is it financed? /F9 55 0 R %PDF-1.4 % Municipalities raise revenues by charging for services such as public parking, toll roads, waste management, and building permits, among others. How have the sources of revenue for state and local governments changed over time? /Image8 18 0 R Given state and local tax revenuevolatility resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, and the large amount of federal transfers approved by Congress, particularly as part of the American Rescue Plan, these numbers will probably look different for fiscal years 2020 and 2021, but Census has not yet published that data. How do state and local property taxes work? Development which is a necessity in every society can be achieved to a great extent with adequate resources. 4. incentive from a state or local government and are encouraged to claim the Advanced Manufacturing Investment Credit, a separate incentive administered by the U.S. Department of the Treasury and the Internal Revenue Service that provides a federal income tax credit for qualifying ca pital investments in a facility for which /Meta43 34 0 R How do IRS audits affect low-income families? Keywords: Local Government, Administration, Finance, Decentralization, Nigeria, Iwo Introduction One area which has remained neglected over time by the local governments in Nigeria is revenue generation. Chin, A.-P. (2007). <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> 6 0 obj /Type /Group 10. An effective assessment will analyze a given interventions technical feasibility and implementation. \\jG*"ktVJE McKinsey_Website_Accessibility@mckinsey.com. https://www.grin.com/document/293498. /Tabs /S Hb``$WR~|@T#2S/`M. jzz^Q@I9AhTu>GpLs9KL~z]?'PI c&>/uJ9RaUm0XJ|dI3O\Yo^m\l*oGdhe)d=j /Font << !ODL 2}PE^eF}6m 0|A h%D|k[ /MediaBox [0 0 595.32 842.04] State and Local Finance Data: Exploring the Census of Governments. The State's own budgetary issues have put a major strain on local government budgets across Illinois. What are tax expenditures and how are they structured? What are itemized deductions and who claims them? (2009). This can be accomplished through moves that wont adversely affect public opinion or a citys competitiveness in attracting businesses and economic development. It is therefore suggested that the level of economic dependence on coal widely varies, and some, but not all, local governments will require financial assistance after the coal phase-out. Small businesses . How do US corporate income tax rates and revenues compare with other countries? <>stream (2006). Three local government officials were also interviewed. X-ray of Local government administration in Nigeria. Who bears the burden of a national retail sales tax? /Contents 43 0 R /Meta37 37 0 R Much of the change in local government revenue relative to the economy resulted from increasing and decreasing transfers from federal and state governments. City assets and investments. /StructParents 5 As a result of these twin trends, a majority of the municipalities around the world are struggling to increase revenues while facing structural budget shortfalls that threaten service delivery and quality. Simple, Fair, and Pro-Growth: Proposals to Fix Americas Tax System, Report of the Presidents Advisory Panel on Federal Tax Reform, November 2005, The Moment of Truth: Report of the National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform, December 2010, Debt Reduction Task Force, Restoring Americas Future, Bipartisan Policy Center, November 2010, The Tax Reform Act of 2014: Fixing Our Broken Tax Code So That It Works for American Families and Job Creators, House Ways and Means Committee, The Graetz Competitive Tax Plan, Updated for 2015. Who benefits from the deduction for charitable contributions? /Tabs /S Next, cities should perform a thorough gap analysis to define the potential revenue impact for any given stream. INTRODUCTION Nigeria is a sovereign nation. /XObject << What are the major federal payroll taxes, and how much money do they raise? What are the drawbacks of return-free filing? /Image8 18 0 R What would and would not be taxed under a national retail sales tax? In 2019, 4 percent of local government general revenue came directly from the federal government (e.g., federal funds for local transportation projects) and 31 percent came from state governments (the numbers do not sum to the total share from intergovernmental transfers because of rounding). /Length 5747 /S /Transparency >> /Im2 19 0 R /Count 10 Keywords : development, projects, revenue, generation, government. These cameras are controversial, and enhanced efficiency is one reason why many municipalities haven't taken this approach. << /Parent 2 0 R State and local governments collected a combined $3.5 trillion of general revenues in fiscal year 2019. The data was analyzed using simple percentage and frequency for primary data and content analysis for secondary data. Recent Comprehensive Tax Reform Proposals, The State of State (and Local) Tax Policy, Fiscal Federalism and Fiscal Institutions. /Meta64 58 0 R Service fees. (2016). Problems of revenue generation in local government administration in Nigeria. (All sources of local government general revenue do not sum to 100 percent because of rounding.) (Exhibit 1). Finally, cities could introduce new types of service fees, fines, and chargesand in so doing, create new sources of revenue. As a local government leader, you're pressed to keep up with the immediate needs of your community during the COVID-19 crisis. 2 0 obj What kinds of tax-favored retirement arrangements are there? Can poor families benefit from the child tax credit? Another 6percent of localgeneral revenue came from miscellaneous sources such as amounts received from the sale of property and interest from some investment securities. What are the sources of revenue for the federal government? 1 This source of revenue is mostly cyclical; it grew sharply during the 2001 and the 200709 recessions, receding in both cases as the economy recovered (figure 4). For cities and counties, property tax revenue makes up 61% of own-source tax revenuerevenue from taxes the local government leviesby far their largest tax source. /Meta53 50 0 R (&. Whats the difference between front-loaded and back-loaded retirement accounts? <> /StructParents 4 What are Opportunity Zones and how do they work? %(zC]N"t~'ewd+*a[`.dP(wz)Vio+qjXvVmWHS%n}"GC3m*.#w+.T#p1f^HgC`|Mzcs,JX8/v>na,4t^}$$\X S:ds0{ws:yGu.%;x/\)F@!>od1v((EF|' Would a national retail sales tax simplify the tax code? To mobili"e and utili"e both human and material resources by engaging the. >> /Type /Page /Group << /GS7 17 0 R Of course, feasibility depends in part on the impact of an action on the city and its residents. x]s63|:oNg$8Sw}hKM7?.~Vb@g6v|Y,j]w2_~yv6IDltsLDI%:nCSq251Le,qGO2-y5E 6X6> iq#"K%J3#GfF/_F ?V]pq^Te%&zuD`~>EgFY3c87Hlt9@)Ov?"c" @]TLlJaZg=40P//^E5uTxR4nhs7=pOCezQ&6.6+`,^M:|"T|m|'wo'Sc^e~abN77`& 8E9"m @}_6l?\Lzw]$1%gVv!CBJi`UY! Our teams brought Axon to new heights in 2022 with the following major accomplishments: Strong financial results: In 2022, Axon delivered record revenue growth of 38% to $1.19 . endobj What was the experience with return-free filing in California? To address this problem, requires proper implementation of plans directed at enhancing adequate revenue generation. /Meta65 57 0 R /Font << The Political Economy of Colonialism and Nation-Building in Nigeria, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73875-4_17, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, https://www.odi.org/events/282-innovations-poverty-reduction-role-local-government, Political Science and International Studies, Political Science and International Studies (R0), Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Commerce, Bureau of Engineering standard fee list 0000003920 00000 n Olaoye, C. O. Taiwo! 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