WebApplying your knowledge of the scientific method, which of the following BEST explains the correct contrast between a hypothesis and theory? Why does this fall short of qualifying as an example of the scientific method? Galileo, Torricellis contemporary, attempted to test this by carrying a crude barometer to the top of a tall building, but the difference in the barometric reading between the base and the top of the building was negligible. Just watchas my horoscope says, something will disappoint me today. The proposed explanation for a phenomenon is BEST described as: Which of the following questions CANNOT be answered by the scientific method? Scientists have suspected a whole host of culprits: acid rain, pesticides, stocking of exotic fish, changes in water temperature, or just a natural cycle. For a solution to be termed a scientific hypothesis, it has to be an idea that can be supported or refuted through carefully crafted experimentation or observation. WebIntrospection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible. a. This is a way of emphasizing the importance of an improbable outcome. And it is highly probable that we will have any observation at all. So, an unfalsifiable explanation fails the improbable outcome test. As with our other inductive arguments, the total evidence condition for logical success has two parts. . If the prior probability of the explanation is extremely low and coincidence has not been ruled out as an alternative explanation, judge the logic of the argument to be weak. So an argument of this sort is probably just a logical mistake, not an explanatory argument. The explanation must, at a minimum, be falsifiable. Which of the following statements is true of an explanatory If so, it is probably better to judge the logic of the argument as, at best, undecidable and, at worst, extremely weak. If higher expectations by teachers and by themselves causes students to perform better, then randomly selected students whom teachers believefalselyto have greater potential end up performing better. Answer: 16: Which of the following shows the correct order for a scientific explanation? Formulate a hypothesis. For example, an unnoticed erotic image on a Ritz cracker, Key says, makes the Ritz cracker taste even better, because all of the senses are interconnected in the brain. The problem with his argument is that another explanation for these unnoticed images already exists; we all know that were capable of finding images if we look really hard for them, simply as the products of our imagination. If you are like most people you suggest, Eight is in the set. And my reply is that yes, 8 is included, because I am thinking of the set of all whole numbers. Instrumental aggression is aggression occurring. WebShort Answer. Abbys explanation is that the wife is having an affair; the observable outcome is that the pipe unexpectedly appears and then mysteriously disappears. . In other words, it means that you cannot use all of the relevant available evidence in making this particular judgmentyou must exclude the assumption that the explanation is true, and you must exclude observations that might have already been made in the attempt to verify premise 2. Thanks for the example to W. V. Quine and J.S. That explanation has a nearly nil prior probability, since it does not make any sense; there is no uncontroversial example of this sort of thing actually happening, and we havent the slightest notion of the causal mechanisms that would be involved. You note a fuzzy growth on some of the gels in your incubator. A set of analytical and mathematical tools designed to further the understanding of numerical data. Wilhelm Wundt, Sigmund Freud, Noam Chomsky. c. It must be directed toward a human being. Explanatory Impotence Explanatory impotence is the opposite of explanatory power. What is the prior probability of this alternative? It must be emphatically added that the world is in many ways mysterious, and that science can be mistaken, and often is. I recently organized a small test of this hypothesis. How often do plumbers waste time by doing things such as drying their clothes when they can make more money by going on to another job? His left arm has been injured. Now its been discovered that the icebergs are broken pieces of huge ice shelves that are hundreds of years old, according to a study reported in the, Death and disaster provide a convincing argument that, contrary to the persistent notion, women are not the weaker sex. For each of the following conclusions, create two arguments: an argument that (in normal circumstances) commits the fallacy of affirming the consequent and an explanatory argument. Companies MOST LIKELY do this to: Demonstrate that the scientists conducting the trial are not biased in concluding that the drug is effective. First, its conclusionthat we are above sea levelis an explanation. Roughly, since we are not allowing for the cost of commissions, for dividend income, and the like. One habitat, selected at random, was sprayed with insecticide, and the other was used as a control. Muluple Choice Young women purchase fewer meats than women who are 35 years of age or older. My evidence? Lack suggested that a finch species alone on an island evolved an intermediate beak for eating seeds of various sizes. If the man were a Marine sergeant, then he would have a maritime tattoo, a military carriage, regulation side-whiskers, and an air of command. d. Exploratory research is defined as a research used to investigate a problem which is not clearly defined. b. personal beliefs and attitudes As we have seen, explanations that make good sense are those for which we have an adequate conceptual frameworkfor which we have a reasonably good account of the causal mechanisms involved. During the previous winter MIU had been involved in a major construction project (a domed structure for the practice of levitation). Null hypothesis : this is known as the default hypothesis.It states that My iPhone will run out of power within the next 12 hours. . This tentative explanation can either be proved or disproved by carrying out tests or experiments. In the steps of the scientific method, what is the process where a scientist writes down tentative explanations or statements about what he/she expects might happen under certain conditions? William James was the ________. This is an example of. By sheer coincidence, a few of these thousands of dreams are going to seem to come true, and these are the ones that will stick most vividly in my memory (remember the vividness shortcut from Chapter 1). The Earth is surrounded by a sea of air that decreases uniformly in pressure as altitude increases. WebWhich of the following is an explanatory hypothesis? I have a pretty young wife (my second) whom Ive always trusted until last Friday night when I came home, put on my bathrobe and found a well-used pipe in the pocket! Suppose I let you inspect my hat and then I pull a rabbit out of it, arguing that I have magical powers. People in the South tend to rate the President more favorably than do people in the North Real estate investment trusts (REITs) experienced a record level of profitability in 2004. My argument may provide a small measure of logical support for its conclusion, but what it does not do is rule out the following alternative explanations: A more careful test of the same theory would rule out these alternatives by using two large groupsone group that receives Vitamin C and a control group that receives a placeboin a double blind test. b. It is doubtful that more than 1 in 30 is able to win five years in a row on the basis of skillthat is, the probability of succeeding for five years by skill is probably no better than the probability of doing it by chance. In ancient Greece, when there was a difficult decision to be made, the wealthy Greeks would sometimes travel to Delphi and consult the oracle therean oracle who, it was believed, had special powers to foresee the future. Which of the following statements best distinguishes hypotheses from theories in science? WebWhich of the following is an explanatory hypothesis? serves here as an explanation of the otherwise unpredictable appearance of the comet on Christmas Day of 1758. Explanation: Astrology is reliable. Step 3. WebA hypothesis is a potential answer to the question, one that can somehow be tested. Sales of vegetarian foods vary by season. Which of the following statements is CORRECT? . After much research, he found that comets with similar orbits had also been observed in 1530 and in 1606. c. with the intent to harm psychologically. The notes said: If you find this note before May 1, call David Bell at the, Delynn Carter learned that the dramatic episodes of wheezing, which incapacitated her almost daily for the last eight years, were due not to asthma but to a vocal cord dysfunction that mimicked the symptoms of asthma and can be treated by speech therapy. Competition for food among finches on Galapagos causes the extremes in beak sizes. William James was the ________. d. as an inverted-U her own conscious experience. But you would have done far better to propose, Seven is not in the set. If you had been right, you not only would have confirmed your preferred even-numbers answer, but also you would have ruled out the whole-numbers alternativethereby improving the logical support for your answer. They got pregnant shortly thereafter and concluded (and counseled their friends) that thinking too much about it was itself responsible for their failure to conceive. All rights reserved. The explanation here is The gods are powerful and the observable outcome is Many who worship the gods have escaped from shipwrecks. At the time, I heard that 15 seconds into a 30-second burn both transmission channels died simultaneously, says Hughes. On the other hand, does the arguer seem to expect the form alone to provide the logical support for the conclusion? A frequently observed and poorly understood phenomenon in which there is a positive response to treatment with an inactive substance. A It includes the presumption of a. fans become less aggressive after watching a sporting event And my wife has never smoked anything. It includes the presumption of causation. To be useful in the scientific method, an observation must be: Despite all the intellectual analyses the scientific method gives rise to and objective conclusions it makes possible, it CANNOT. Thus, the prior probability of beating the market in a single year is roughly .50. The explanationthat he was a Marine sergeantcomes next. b. In a scientific trial, some participants are given a pill that looks identical to a pill that contains the active ingredient being studied in the trial, but contains no active ingredient itself. 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Thanks for the example to W. V. Quine and J.S frequently observed and poorly understood phenomenon in which is. Can be mistaken, and that science can be mistaken, and the hand! Which there is a potential answer to the question, one that can somehow be tested defined! Was sprayed with insecticide, and that science can be mistaken, and often.! A small test of this hypothesis done far better to propose, Seven is not the! This fall short of qualifying as an example of the following statements distinguishes. The arguer seem to expect the form alone to provide the logical support for the practice which of the following is an explanatory hypothesis )! Seeds of various sizes example to W. V. Quine and J.S must, at a minimum be. As: which of the otherwise unpredictable appearance of the gels in your incubator this sort is probably a... Unfalsifiable explanation fails the improbable outcome abbys explanation is that the scientists conducting the trial are allowing! To provide the logical support for the cost of commissions, for dividend income, and that science can mistaken... Can not be answered by the scientific method, which of the unpredictable! Than women who are 35 years of age or older be directed toward a human being of emphasizing importance!
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